The UK will expel 23 Russian diplomats after Moscow refused to explain how a Russian-made nerve agent was used on a former spy in Salisbury, the PM says.
Theresa May said the diplomats, who have a week to leave, were identified as “undeclared intelligence officers”.
She also revoked an invitation to Russia’s foreign minister, and said the Royal Family would not attend the Fifa World Cup in Russia later this year.
Russia denies attempted murder and says it will respond appropriately.
Addressing the UN Security Council, the UK said Moscow had used “a weapon so horrific that it is banned in war” in a “peaceful” British city.
Britain’s deputy UN ambassador, Jonathan Allen, accused Russia of breaking its obligations under the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
He said he had heard the threats from Russia but that the UK would not be deterred.
“We will stand by the values which are shared by the overwhelming majority of those in this council in this United Nations and we ask you today, to stand by us,” he added.
In response the Russian ambassador to the UN, Vasily Nebenzya, denied Moscow’s involvement in the attack and demanded “material proof” from Britain to support its charge.
The US ambassador Nikki Haley said Washington stood in “absolute solidarity” with Britain, citing the “special relationship” between the two countries and saying the US would “always be there” for the UK.
The mass expulsion is the largest since 31 were ordered out in 1985 after double agent Oleg Gordievsky defected.
Former spy Sergei Skripal, 66, and his daughter, Yulia Skripal, 33, remain critically ill in hospital after being found slumped on a bench on 4 March.
Det Sgt Nick Bailey fell ill while responding to the incident, and is in a serious but stable condition, but is thought to be improving.
Moscow refused to meet Mrs May’s midnight deadline to co-operate in the case, prompting Mrs May to announce a series of measures intended to send a “clear message” to Russia.
These include:
■ Expelling 23 diplomats
■ Increasing checks on private flights, customs and freight
■ Freezing Russian state assets where there is evidence they may be used to threaten the life or property of UK nationals or residents
■ Ministers and the Royal Family boycotting the Fifa World Cup in Russia later this year
■ Suspending all planned high-level bilateral contacts between the UK and Russia
■ Plans to consider new laws to increase defences against “hostile state activity”
Mrs May told MPs that Russia had provided “no explanation” as to how the nerve agent came to be used in the UK, describing Moscow’s response as one of “sarcasm, contempt and defiance”.
The use of a Russian-made nerve agent on UK soil amounted to the “unlawful use of force”, she said.
The PM, who was earlier briefed by senior intelligence chiefs in Downing Street, added there was “no alternative conclusion other than that the Russian state was culpable” for the attack.
She said it was “tragic” that Russian President Vladimir Putin had “chosen to act in this way”.
Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn was jeered by Conservative MPs as he asked Mrs May how she had responded to Russia’s request for a sample of the nerve agent so it could run its own tests.
He condemned the Salisbury incident as a “dreadful, appalling act” and called for multilateral action in response, saying it was a matter of “huge regret” that the UK’s diplomatic network had been cut by 25% in the last five years.
The Foreign Office has updated its advice on travel to Russia, saying “heightened political tensions” mean Britons should “be aware of the possibility of anti-British sentiment or harassment at this time”.
In a statement, the FA said it would work closely with the UK government and authorities regarding its participation in the World Cup in June.
Fifa has maintained it was committed to a “successful” 2018 World Cup, adding it was down to individual countries whether they decided to attend.
But France said it would wait for “definitive conclusions” before setting out its stance. Its government spokesman, Benjamin Griveaux, said: “Once the elements are proven, then the time will come for decisions to be made.”
Meanwhile, the police and army have sealed off areas of the north Dorset town of Gillingham as part of the attempted murder investigation.
A wide cordon is in place around a truck, thought to have recovered Mr Skripal’s car from Salisbury, about 20 miles from Gillingham.
About 180 troops have been deployed to Salisbury to help remove vehicles and objects from affected areas.
Zizzi restaurant and Bishop’s Mill pub, where the Skripals visited before falling ill, remain closed.
Police from 15 forces across England and Wales have been sent to Wiltshire to support the investigation.
Russia’s foreign ministry said Mrs May’s statement was “an unprecedentedly crude provocation”.
It said it was “categorically unacceptable and unworthy” that the UK government had “seriously aggravated” relations by announcing a “whole set of hostile measures”.
Earlier, Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov said Moscow would co-operate if it received a formal request for clarification from the UK under the Chemical Weapons Convention, which sets a 10-day time limit for a response.
Mrs May has welcomed support from allies including the US, Nato and the EU, and said Britain would be pushing for a “robust international response” at the UN Security Council later.
“This was not just an act of attempted murder in Salisbury – nor just an act against UK,” she said.
“It is an affront to the prohibition on the use of chemical weapons.”
Most recently, Poland’s PM Mateusz Morawiecki has condemned the “unprecedented attack on the UK” and expressed “full solidarity” with the British people and government.
He called on Russia to address the UK’s questions and co-operate with the OPCW.
Mr Skripal, a British citizen, came to the UK in 2010 as part of a “spy swap” after he had been convicted by Russia of passing information to MI6.