Uruguay striker Luis Suarez has been suspended from all football-related activity for four months for biting Italy defender Giorgio Chiellini.
In addition, the Liverpool player, 27, has been banned for nine international matches, ruling him out of the rest of the 2014 Fifa World Cup.
He will also miss the first nine games of the Premier League season.
Uruguay say they will appeal, calling it an “excessive decision” for which “there was not enough evidence”.
Uruguay Football Association president Wilmar Valdez added: “I have seen more aggressive incidents recently.
“It is a severe punishment. I don’t know exactly which arguments they used but it is a tough punishment for Suarez.”
The player has also been fined 100,000 Swiss francs (£65,680) for the incident, which occurred on Tuesday as Uruguay beat Italy 1-0 to finish second in group D and qualify for the last 16 in Brazil.
The ban is the biggest in World Cup history, beating the eight games given to Italy’s Mauro Tassotti for elbowing Spain’s Luis Enrique in 1994.
“Such behaviour cannot be tolerated on any football pitch and, in particular, not at a Fifa World Cup when the eyes of millions of people are on the stars on the field,” Claudio Sulser, chairman of the Fifa disciplinary committee, said in a statement.
Suarez has now been found guilty of biting three opponents in his career and former Liverpool defender Mark Lawrenson felt the suspension should have been longer.
“Say my boy was about 11 or 12, how do you explain to your lad who’s a football fan exactly what Luis Suarez keeps doing,” he told BBC Sport.
Suarez was banned for 10 games for biting Chelsea’s Branislav Ivanovic during a Premier League match in 2013 and was also suspended for seven games for biting PSV Eindhoven’s Otman Bakkal in 2010.
Mexican referee Marco Rodriquez did not see Suarez bite Chiellini on the left shoulder, but Fifa ordered an inquiry after the match following protests by the Italian.
Suarez had tried to dismiss the incident, telling Uruguayan television: “These are just things that happen out on the pitch. It was just the two of us inside the area and he bumped into me with his shoulder.”
Suarez’s first match back for Liverpool could be in round four of the Capital One Cup, should the Reds win their first game after entering the tournament in the third round, with matches due to take place in the week commencing 27 October.
Reds chief executive Ian Ayre said that “Liverpool Football Club will wait until we have seen and had time to review the Fifa disciplinary committee report before making any further comment.”
Under the terms of the ban, Suarez cannot train with Liverpool and is prohibited from entering the confines of any stadium during the period of his suspension.
But Liverpool would not be prevented from selling the former Ajax player this summer should they decide to offload him to another club.
He has already been linked with moves to Real Madrid and Barcelona.
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